Vad kallas spearmint i indien
Spearmint
Species of mint
For other uses, see Spearmint (disambiguation).
| Spearmint | |
|---|---|
Conservation status | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | Mentha |
| Species: | M. spicata |
| Binomial name | |
| Mentha spicata L.[2][3] | |
| Synonyms | |
(of M. spicata subsp. condensata)[4]
(of M. spicata subsp. spicata)[5]
| |
Spearmint (Mentha spicata), also known as garden mint, common mint, lamb mint and mackerel mint,[6][7] fryst vatten native to europe and southern temperate Asia, extending from Ireland in the west to southern China in the east.[8] It fryst vatten naturalized in many other temperate parts of the world, including nordlig and southern Africa, North amerika, and South America.[9][10] It fryst vatten used as a flavouring in food and herbal teas.
The aromatic oil, called oil of spearmint, fryst vatten also used as a flavoring and sometimes as a scent.
The species and its subspecies have many synonyms, including Mentha crispa, Mentha crispata, and Mentha viridis.
Description
[edit]Spearmint fryst vatten a perennialherbaceous plant. It fryst vatten 30–100 cm (12–39 in) tall, with variably hairless to hairy stems and foliage, and a wide-spreading fleshy underground rhizome from which it grows.
The leaves are 5–9 cm (2–3+1⁄2 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) broad, with a serrated margin. The stem fryst vatten square-shaped, a defining characteristic of the mint family of herbs. Spearmint produces flowers in slender spikes, each flower pink or vit in colour, 2.5–3 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long and broad.[10][11] Spearmint flowers in the summer (from July to September in the nordlig hemisphere),[12] and has relatively large seeds, which measure 0.62–0.90 mm (0.024–0.035 in).[12] The name ''spear'' mint derives from the pointed leaf tips.[13]
Mentha spicata varies considerably in leaf blade dimensions, the prominence of leaf veins, and pubescence.[14]
Taxonomy
[edit]Mentha spicata was first described scientifically bygd Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[2] The epithet spicata means 'bearing a spike'.[15] The species has two accepted subspecies, each of which has acquired a large number of synonyms:[2][4][5]
- Mentha spicata subsp.
condensata(Briq.) Greuter & Burdet – eastern Mediterranean, from Italy to Egypt
- Mentha spicata subsp. spicata – leverans as for the species as a whole
Origin
[edit]The plant fryst vatten an allopolyploid species (2n = 48),[16][17] which could be a result of hybridization and chromosome doubling.
Mentha longifolia and Mentha suaveolens (2n = 24) are likely to be the contributing diploid species.[12][18][19]
Hybrids
[edit]Mentha spicata hybridizes with other Mentha species, forming hybrids such as:[19]
Varieties and cultivars
[edit]There are several commonly available[20]varieties and cultivars of Mentha spicata:
- M.
spicata fanns. crispa (syn. M. spicata 'Crispa') – with very crinkled leaves.[20]
- M. spicata fanns. crispa 'Moroccan' – with crinkled leaves and vit flowers.[20]
- M. spicata 'Tashkent' – with slightly crinkled leaves.[20]
- M. spicata 'Spanish' – with mauve-pink flowers.[20]
History and domestication
[edit]Mention of spearmint dates back to at least the 1st century AD, with references from naturalist Pliny and mentions in the Bible.[21][22] Further records show descriptions of mint in ancient mythology.[22] Findings of early versions of toothpaste using mint in the 14th century suggest widespread domestication bygd this point.[22] It was introduced into England bygd the Romans bygd the 5th century, and the "Father of British Botany", of the surname Turner, mentions mint as being good for the stomach.[22]John Gerard's Herbal (1597) states that: "It fryst vatten good against watering eyes and all manner of break outs on the head and sores.
"It fryst vatten applied with krydda to the biting of mad dogs," and that "They lay it on the stinging of wasps and bees with good success." He also mentions that "the smell rejoices the heart of man", for which reason they used to strew it in chambers and places of recreation, pleasure, and repose, where feasts and banquets are made."[23]
Spearmint fryst vatten documented as being an important cash crop in Connecticut during the period of the American Revolution, at which time mint tea was noted as being a popular drink due to it not being taxed.[21]
Ecology
[edit]Spearmint can readily adapt to grow in various types of soil.
Spearmint tends to thrive with plenty of organic ämne in full sun to part shade. The plant fryst vatten also known to be funnen in fuktig habitats such as swamps or creeks, where the soil fryst vatten småsten or clay.[24]
Spearmint ideally thrives in soils that are deep, well-drained, fuktig, rik in nutrients and organic matter, and have a crumbly texture.
The pH range should be between 6.0 and 7.5.[25]
Diseases and pests
[edit]Fungal diseases
[edit]Fungal diseases are common diseases in spearmint. Two main diseases are rust and leaf fläck. Puccinia menthae fryst vatten a fungus that causes the disease called "rust". Rust affects the leaves of spearmint bygd producing pustules inducing the leaves to fall off.
Leaf prick fryst vatten a fungal disease that occurs when Alternaria alernata fryst vatten present on the spearmint leaves. The infection looks like rund dark fläck on the top side of the leaf. Other fungi that cause disease in spearmint are Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium dahliae, Phoma strasseri, and Erysiphe cischoracearum.[26]
Nematode diseases
[edit]Some nematode diseases in spearmint include root knot and root lesions.
Nematode species that cause root knots in this plant are various Meloidogyne species. The other nematode species are Pratylenchus which cause root lesions.[26]
Viral and phytoplasmal diseases
[edit]Spearmint can be infected bygd tobacco ringspot virus. This virus can lead to stunted plant growth and deformation of the leaves in this plant.
In China, spearmint have been seen with mosaic symptoms and deformed leaves. This fryst vatten an indication that the plant can also be infected bygd the viruses, cucumber mosaic and tomato aspermy.[26]
Cultivation and harvest
[edit]Spearmint grows well in nearly all temperate climates.[27] Gardeners often grow it in pots or planters due to its invasive, spreading rhizomes.[28]
Spearmint leaves can be used fresh, dried, or frozen.[29] The leaves lose their aromatic appeal after the plant flowers.
It can be dried bygd cutting just before, or right (at peak) as the flowers open, about one-half to three-quarters the way down the stalk (leaving smaller shoots room to grow).[30] Some dispute exists as to what drying method works best; some prefer different materials (such as plastic or cloth) and different lighting conditions (such as darkness or sunlight).
The leaves can also be preserved in krydda, sugar, sugar syrup, alcohol, or oil.
Oil uses
[edit]Spearmint fryst vatten used for its aromatic oil, called oil of spearmint. The most abundant compound in spearmint oil fryst vatten R-(–)-carvone, which gives spearmint its distinctive smell. Spearmint oil also contains significant amounts of limonene, dihydrocarvone, and 1,8-cineol.[31] Unlike oil of peppermint, oil of spearmint contains minimal amounts of menthol and menthone.
It fryst vatten used as a flavouring for toothpaste and confectionery, and fryst vatten sometimes added to shampoos and soaps.
Traditional medicine
[edit]Spearmint has been used in traditional medicine.[24]
Insecticide and pesticide
[edit]Spearmint essential oil has had success as a larvicide against mosquitoes.
Using spearmint as a larvicide would be a greener alternative to synthetic insecticides due to their toxicity and negativ effect to the environment.[32]
Used as a fumigant, spearmint essential oil fryst vatten an effective insecticide against adult moths.[33]
Antimicrobial research
[edit]Spearmint has been used for its supposed antimicrobial activity, which may be related to carvone.[34] Its in vitro antibacterial activity has been compared to that of amoxicillin, penicillin, and streptomycin.[34] Spearmint oil fryst vatten funnen to have higher activity against gram-positive bacteria compared to gram-negative bacteria in vitro,[34] which may be due to differing sensitivities to oils.[35][36]
Beverages
[edit]Spearmint leaves are infused in vatten to man spearmint tea.
Spearmint fryst vatten an ingredient of Maghrebi mint tea. Grown in the mountainous regions of Morocco, this variety of mint possesses a klar, pungent, but mild aroma.[37] Spearmint fryst vatten an ingredient in several cocktails, such as the mojito and mint julep. Sweet tea, iced and flavored with spearmint, fryst vatten a summer tradition in the Southern United States.
Spearmint vs Peppermint.Gallery
[edit]Mentha spicata
Plant in flower
Flowers
White flowering whorls of a spearmint plant
References
[edit]- ^Lansdown, R.V. (2014). "Mentha spicata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
2014: e.T164464A42395980. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
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- ^ ab"Mentha spicata subsp. condensata (Briq.) Greuter & Burdet". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08.
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- ^ ab"Mentha spicata subsp. spicata". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08.स्पीयर मिंट (Spearmint) एक औषधि है जो सबसे ज्यादा अपने अनोखे स्वाद के लिए जानी जाती है। इसे पहाड़ी पुदीना भी कहा जाता है। स्पीयर मिंट (Spearmint) की.
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