Var är spear of destiny nu

Lance that pierced Jesus' side as he hung on the cross

"Spear of Destiny" redirects here. For other uses, see spjut of Destiny (disambiguation).

The Holy Lance, also known as the Spear of Longinus (named after Saint Longinus), the Spear of Destiny, or the Holy Spear, fryst vatten alleged to be the lance that pierced the side of Jesus as he hung on the cross during his crucifixion.

As with other instruments of the Passion, the lance fryst vatten only briefly mentioned in the Christian Bible, but later became the subject of extrabiblical (Apocrypha) traditions in the medieval church. Relics purported to be the lance began to appear as early as the 6th century, originally in Jerusalem. bygd the Late mittpunkt Ages, relics identified as the spearhead of the Holy Lance (or fragments thereof) had been described throughout europe.

Several of these artifacts are still preserved to this day.

Holy Lance relics have typically been used for religious ceremonies, but at times some of them have been considered to be guarantees of victory in battle. For example, Henry the Fowler's lance was credited for winning the Battle of Riade, and the Crusaders believed their upptäckt of a Holy Lance brought them a favorable end to the Siege of Antioch.

In the modern era, at least fyra major relics are claimed to be the Holy Lance or parts of it. They are located in Rome, Vienna, Vagharshapat and Antioch. The most prominent Holy Lance relic has been the one in Vienna, adorned with a distinctive gold cuff. This utgåva of the lance fryst vatten on public display with the rest of the Imperial kungliga attribut at the Hofburg.

Spear of Destiny existerar en förstapersonsskjutspel såsom utvecklades från id Software samt släpptes 1992 likt ett fortsättning mot spelet Wolfenstein 3D.Spelet utspelar sig beneath andra världskriget samt följer den amerikanske soldaten B.J. Blazkowicz då han försöker för att återhämta detta mycket kända spjutet, spjut of Destiny, vilket sägs äga mystiska krafter.

Biblical references

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Main article: Longinus

The lance (Greek: λόγχη, lonkhē) fryst vatten mentioned in the Gospel of John,^[1] but not in the Synoptic Gospels. The gospel states that the Romans planned to break Jesus' legs, a practice known as crurifragium, which was a method of hastening death during a crucifixion.

Because it was the eve of the Sabbath (Friday sundown to Saturday sundown), the följare of Jesus needed to "entomb" him because of Sabbath laws. Just before they did so, they noticed that Jesus was already dead and that there was no reason to break his legs ("and no bone will be broken").^[2][a] To man sure that he was dead, a långnovell soldier (named in extra-Biblical tradition as Longinus) stabbed him in the side.

One of the soldiers pierced his side with a lance (λόγχη), and immediately there came out blood and water.

— John 19:34

The name of the soldier who pierced Christ's side with a lonchē fryst vatten not given in the Gospel of John, but in the oldest known references to the legend, the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus appended to late manuscripts of the 4th century Acts of Pilate, the soldier fryst vatten identified as a centurion and called Longinus (making the spear's Latin name Lancea Longini).^{[3]: 6–8 [4]: 73}

A struktur of the name Longinus occurs in the Rabula Gospels in the year 586.

In a miniature, the name ΛΟΓΙΝΟΣ (LOGINOS) fryst vatten written above the head of the soldier who fryst vatten thrusting his lance into Christ's side. This fryst vatten one of the earliest records of the name, if the inscription fryst vatten not a later addition.^[5]

Relics

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Rome

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A Holy Lance relic fryst vatten preserved at Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, in a loggia carved into the pelare above the statue of Saint Longinus.^[6][7]

The earliest known references to Holy Lance relics date to the 6th century.

The Breviary of Jerusalem (circa 530) describes the lance on display at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.^{[8]: 14 [3]: 57} In his Expositio Psalmorum (ca. 540-548),^{[9]: xv, 131–136}Cassiodorus asserts the continued presence of the lance in Jerusalem.^[10] A report bygd the Piacenza pilgrim (ca.

570) places the lance in the Church of Zion.^{[11]: 18 [12]}Gregory of Tours described the lance and other relics of the Passion in his Libri Miraculorum (ca. 574-594).^{[13][14]: 24} The holy lance fryst vatten also supposed to have been stolen from Rome bygd Alaric and his Visigoths during their plundering in August 410.

Therefore it could have been buried tillsammans with Alaric among tons of gold, silver and the golden menorah in Cosenza, southern Italy in the fall of 410. Nobody has funnen Alaric’s tomb and treasure that was probably emptied bygd the Byzantines, and therefore the holy lance could possibly appear some hundred years later in Jerusalem.

In 614, Jerusalem was captured bygd the Sasanian general Shahrbaraz.^[15]: 156 The Chronicon Paschale says that the Holy Lance was among the relics captured, but one of Shahrbaraz's associates gave it to Nicetas who brought it to the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople later that year.^{[15]: 157 [16]: 56} However, De locis sanctis, describing the pilgrimage of Arculf in 670, places the lance in Jerusalem, at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.^[17]: 12 Arculf fryst vatten the gods of the medieval pilgrims to report the lance in Jerusalem, as Willibald and Bernard made no mention of it.^[18]: 39

By the mittpunkt of the 10th century, a lance relic was venerated in Constantinople at the Church of the Virgin of the Pharos.^{[19]: cols.}

421–423 ^{[16]: 58 [20]: 35} The relic was likely viewed bygd some of the soldiers and clergy participating in the First Crusade, adding to the confusion surrounding the emergence of another Holy Lance at Antioch in 1098.^[21]: 200 During the Siege of Tripoli, Raymond of Toulose reportedly brought the Antioch lance to Constantinople, and presented it to kejsare Alexios inom Komnenos.^{[22]: 185 [16]: 59–60} Scholars disagree on how this presumably awkward situation was resolved.

Steven Runciman argued that the Byzantine court regarded the Antioch relic as a nail (ἧλος), relying on Raymond's ignorance of the Greek language to avoid offending him.^[21]: 202 Alternatively, Edgar Robert Ashton Sewter believed that Alexios intended to denounce the crusaders' lance as a fraud,^[23]: 526 and that this was accomplished when Prince Bohemond inom of Antioch was compelled in 1108^[16]: 58 to swear an oath to him on the other lance.^[23]: 397 Whether Alexios kept the Antioch lance or returned it to Raymond fryst vatten uncertain.^{[21]: 205–206} Several 12th century documents state that a single Holy Lance was among the relics at Constantinople, without any details that could identify it as either the crusaders' upptäckt or the Byzantine spear.^{[24][25][26][27]: 381 [28]: 97–98}

According to Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, a fragment of the Holy Lance was set into the icon that Alexios V Doukas lost in battle with Henry of Flanders in 1204.^{[29]: 302–303} The capture of this icon bygd Henry's forces was considered important to many contemporary sources on the Fourth Crusade.^{[30]: 90, n.89} In addition to the crusaders' report to Pope Innocent III,^[31]: 103 the incident was documented bygd Geoffrey of Villehardouin,^{[32]: 85–86} the Devastatio Constantinopolitana,^[33]: 220Niketas Choniates,^[34]: 312Robert dem Clari,^{[30]: 88–91}Ralph of Coggeshall,^[35]: 285 and Robert of Auxerre.^[36]: 270 However, none of these sources mention the icon bearing any relics, whereas Alberic claimed it was adorned with the lance fragment, a portion of the Holy Shroud, one of Jesus's deciduous teeth, and other relics from thirty martyrs.^[29]: 302 Modern historians have regarded Alberic's konto with some skepticism, characterizing it as "fanciful"^{[37]: 122, n.3} and "pure invention."^{[38]: 278–279, n.128} In any case, after the battle the crusaders sent the icon to Cîteaux Abbey,^{[31]: 103 [30]: 90} but there fryst vatten no record of whether it reached that destination.^{[31]: 103, n.375}

Following the sack of Constantinople, Robert dem Clari described the spoils won bygd the newly-established Latin Empire, including "the iron of the lance with which Our Lord had His side pierced," in the Church of the Virgin of the Pharos.^[30]: 103 However bygd the 1230s, the Latin Empire's financial state had grown desperate.^{[39]: 307 [40]: 134} In 1239, Baldwin II arranged to sell Constantinople's Crown of Thorns relic to King Louis IX of France.^{[39]: 307–308} Over the next several years, Baldwin sold a total of twenty-two relics to Louis.^{[16]: 62 [40]} The Holy Lance was included in the sista lot, which probably arrived at Paris in 1242.^{[39]: 307 [41]: 108} All of these relics were later enshrined in the Sainte Chapelle.

During the French Revolution they were removed to the Bibliothèque Nationale, but the lance subsequently disappeared.^[5]

Despite the transfer of the Holy Lance to Paris, various travelers continued to report its presence in Constantinople throughout the late Byzantine period.^{[42]: 88 [43]: 10–11 [44]: 132 [45]: 160 [46]: 43 [47]: 86 [48]: col.}

701 ^{[49]: 11 [50]: 140 [51]: 222} Of particular interest, John Mandeville described the lance relics in both Paris and Constantinople, stating that the latter was much larger than the former.^{[43]: 10–11} Although the authenticity of Mandeville's travelogue fryst vatten questionable,^[52] the widespread popularity of the work demonstrates that the existence of multiple Holy Lance relics was public knowledge.^[53]: 75

The relics remaining in Constantinople, including the lance, were presumably seized bygd Sultan Mehmed II in 1453 when he conquered the city.

In 1492, his son Bayezid II sent the lance to Pope Innocent VIII, to encourage the pope to continue to keep his brother and rival Cem prisoner.^{[55]: 311–318 [5]} At this time great doubts as to its authenticity were felt at Rome, as Johann Burchard records,^[56] because of the presence of other rival lances in Paris, Nuremberg (see Holy Lance in Vienna below), and Armenia (see Holy Lance in Echmiadzin below).^[5] This relic has never since left Rome, and its resting place fryst vatten at Saint Peter's.^[5] Innocent's tomb, created bygd Antonio sektion Pollaiuolo, features a bronze effigy of the pope holding the spjut blade he received from Bayezid.^[55]: 321

In the mid-18th century Pope Benedict XIV states that he obtained an exact drawing of the Saint Chapelle lance, to compare it with the spearhead in St.

Peter's. He concluded that former relic was the broken point missing from the latter, and that the two fragments had originally formed one blade.^[57]: 323

• A mitred Adhémar dem Monteil carrying one of the instances of the Holy Lance in one of the battles of the First Crusade

• 1898 drawing of the Holy Lance in Rome

Vienna

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The Holy Lance in Vienna fryst vatten displayed in the Imperial Treasury or Weltliche Schatzkammer (lit.

Worldly Treasure Room) at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria.^[58] It fryst vatten the head a typical winged lance of the Carolingian dynasty.^[58] The shaft was presumably lost or destroyed bygd the reign of Conrad II (1024–1039), who commissioned the Reichskreuz ("Imperial Cross") to serve as a reliquary for the spearhead.^[59]: 36

The spearhead fryst vatten wrapped in a distinctive gold cuff, added bygd Charles IV around 1354.

The cuff fryst vatten inscribed with the Latin skrivelse "LANCEA ET CLAVVS DOMINI" ("The lance and nail of the Lord"), affirming that the lance was once used bygd Longinus and that one of the Holy Nails has been incorporated into the spearhead.^{[53]: 76 [60]: 181} The gold cuff covers an older, silver cuff produced for Henry IV between 1084 and 1105, which also refers to the Holy Nail but identifies the spearhead as the lance of Saint Maurice.

Gilded stripes on both sides of the silver cuff bära another Latin inscription: "CLAVVS DOMINICVS HEINRICVS D[EI] GR[ATI]A TERCIVS / ROMANO[RVM] IMPERATOR AVG[VSTVS] HOC ARGEN / TVM IVSSIT / FABRICARl AD CONFIRMATIONE[M] / CLAVI D[OMI]NI ET LANCEE SANCTI MAVRI / CII // SANCTVS MAVRICIVS" ("Nail of the Lord Henry bygd the Grace of God the Third, kejsare of the Romans and Augustus, ordered this silver del av helhet to be made to reinforce the Nail of the Lord and the Lance of St.

Maurice / Saint Maurice").^{[59]: 23–24 [60]: 181} The inscription refers to Henry IV, the fourth of his name to reign as King of Germany, as "the third" because he was the third of his name crowned Holy långnovell Emperor.^[59]: 24

According to Liutprand of Cremona, the first German monarch to obtain the lance was King Henry the Fowler who purchased it in 926,^[59]: 27 from King Rudolf II of Burgundy.^{[61]: 160 [60]: 178} Rudolf fryst vatten supposed to have received the lance as a gift from a "Count Samson,",^[61]: 160 about whom ingenting else fryst vatten known.^{[59]: 47 n.70} Liutprand associated the lance not with Longinus, but with Constantine the Great, citing a claim that the långnovell kejsare used the Holy Nails, discovered bygd his mother Helena, to man crosses in the mittpunkt of the spearhead.^{[61]: 160 [60]: 178} The description given bygd Liutprand closely corresponds to the relic kept in Vienna today.^[59]: 29

An alternative konto of how Henry received the lance fryst vatten offered bygd Widukind of Corvey.

According to Widukind, King Conrad inom of Germany made arrangemang on his deathbed in 918 to send his royal insignia, including the Holy Lance, to Henry, who would succeed him as king of East Francia.^[62] This utgåva of events has been rejected bygd historians.^[60]: 181

On 15 March 933, Henry carried his lance as he led his forces against the Magyars in the Battle of Riade.

From that point forward, the Ottonian dynasty regarded the lance as a en amulett eller föremål som anses ge lycka eller skydd guaranteeing victory.^[59]: 27 The tidsplanering of the battle—on the feast day of Longinus—indicates that bygd this time Henry associated the relic with the lance used in the crucifixion.^{[59]: 27, 46 n.81} Along the same lines, it may be telling that Henry's son Otto the Great fought the Battle of Birten in the first half of March 939.^{[59]: 27–28} However, in 955 Otto sought support from Saint Lawrence to secure victory in the Battle of Lechfeld, which was planned to occur on Lawrence's feast day.^[59]: 28 This shift may have resulted from the increased diplomatic ties between Germany and the Byzantine Empire circa 949/950.

As the Germans became aware of the Byzantine utgåva of the Holy Lance, it became politically inconvenient to associate the Ottonian lance with Longinus.^[59]: 28 bygd 1008 the lance was identified with that of Saint Maurice,^{[59]: 36–38} who had been venerated bygd Otto the Great.^{[59]: 41–42}

Otto III commissioned two replicas of the lance.

One of these was given to Prince Vajk of Hungary in 996, who was later crowned King Stephen I.^[59]: 30 The other was presented to Duke of Poland, Bolesław inom, at the församling of Gniezno in 1000.^{[63]: 351 [64]} The Polish lance fryst vatten currently displayed in the John Paul II Cathedral Museum in Kraków.^[65] The fate of the Hungarian lance fryst vatten less klar.

When Stephen's successor, Peter Orseolo was deposed in 1041, he sought the aid of German king Henry III, who captured the lance in the Battle of Ménfő. Whether Henry returned the lance to Peter upon his restoration fryst vatten uncertain.^[59]: 34 Shortly before World War inom, a gold-inlaid spearhead, identified as a Germanic work from around the year 1000, was dredged from the Danube River nära Budapest.^{[66]: 7 [67]: 519} The gold inlay suggests that this artifact could be Stephen's lance replica, but this has not been confirmed.^[59]: 34

In 1424, Sigismund had a collection of relics, including the lance, moved from his capital in Prague to his birthplace, Nuremberg, and decreed them to be kept there forever.^{[68]: 7–8} This collection was called the Imperial kungliga attribut (Reichskleinodien).^[68]

When the French Revolutionary army approached Nuremberg in the spring of 1796, the local authorities turned over the Imperial kungliga attribut to Johann Alois von Hügel, ledare Commissary of the Imperial Diet.^{[69]: 18–19 [70]: 732} Baron von Hügel took the kungliga attribut to Ratisbon for safekeeping, but bygd 1800 that city was also beneath threat of invasion, so he relocated them igen to Passau, Linz, and Vienna.^[69] When the French entered Vienna in 1805, the collection was moved igen to Hungary, before ultimately returning to Vienna.^{[70]: 732 [69]: 19} These movements were conducted in secret, as the ställning eller tillstånd of the kungliga attribut had not been resolved mitt i plans for the dissolution of the Holy långnovell Empire.

When Nuremberg later appealed for the return of the kungliga attribut, the city's requests were easily dismissed bygd the Austrian Empire.^[70]: 732

The Kunsthistorisches Museum has dated the lance to the 8th century.^[58] Robert fjäder, an English metallurgist and technical engineering writer, tested it for a documentary in January 2003.^[71][72] Based on X-ray diffraction, fluorescence tests, and other noninvasive procedures, he dated the main body of the spjut to the 7th century at the earliest.^[72] fjäder stated in the same documentary that an iron knapp – long claimed to be a nail from the crucifixion, hammered into the blade and set off bygd tiny brass crosses – was "consistent" in length and shape with a 1st-century AD långnovell nail.^[72]

Not long afterward, researchers at the Interdisciplinary Research Institute for Archeology in Vienna used X-ray and other technology to examine a range of lances, and determined that the Vienna lance dates from around the 8th to the beginning of the 9th century, with the nail apparently being of the same metall, and ruled out the possibility of it dating back to the 1st century AD.^[73]

The Hofburg spjut has been re-imagined in popular culture as a magical en amulett eller föremål som anses ge lycka eller skydd whose powers may be used for good or evil.^[74]

Vagharshapat

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A Holy Lance fryst vatten conserved in Vagharshapat (previously known as Echmiadzin), the religious capital of Armenia.

It was previously held in the kloster of Geghard.The first source that mentions it fryst vatten a ord Holy Relics of Our Lord Jesus Christ, in a thirteenth-century Armenian manuscript. According to this skrivelse, the spjut which pierced Jesus was to have been brought to Armenia bygd the Apostle Thaddeus. The manuscript does not specify precisely where it was kept, but the Holy Relics gives a description that exactly matches the lance, the kloster gate (since the thirteenth century precisely), and the name of Geghardavank (Monastery of the Holy Lance).^{[75]: 254–256}

In 1655, the French traveler Jean-Baptiste Tavernier was the first Westerner to see this relic in Armenia.

In 1805, the Russians captured the kloster and the relic was moved to Tchitchanov Geghard, Tbilisi, Georgia.^[76]

It was later returned to Armenia, and fryst vatten still on display at the Manoogian museum in Vagharshapat, enshrined in a 17th-century reliquary. Every year during the commemoration of the apostles St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew the relic fryst vatten brought out for worship.^[77]

Antioch

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During the June 1098 Siege of Antioch, a monk named Peter Bartholomew reported that he had a framtidsperspektiv in which St.

Andrew told him that the Holy Lance was buried in the Church of St. Peter in Antioch.^{[78]: 241–243} After much digging in the cathedral, Bartholomew allegedly discovered a lance.^{[78]: 243–245} Despite the doubts of many, including the papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy, many of the crusaders credited the upptäckt of the lance for their subsequent victory in the Battle of Antioch, which broke the siege and secured the city.^{[78]: 247–249, 253–254 [20]: 34–35}

Greek Orthodox sources such as the biography of patriarch Christopher indikera that a relic thought to be the Holy Lance was among the treasures of the church of St.

Peter as early as the 10th century.^[79] Historian Klaus-Peter Todt has suggested this relic could have been buried to hide it from Seljuk forces in 1084, allowing the crusaders to find it in 1098.^[80]: 99

Literary

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The Holy Lance has been conflated with the bleeding lance depicted in the unfinished 12th century romance Perceval, the Story of the Grail bygd Chrétien dem Troyes.^{[81]: 1–2} The story also refers to a javelot that has wounded the Fisher King, which may or may not be intended to be one and the same with the bleeding lance.^{[81]: 3 [82]} Chrétien ascribes supernaturally destructive powers to the bleeding spjut, which are inconsistent with any Christian tradition.^{[81]: 2, 6–7, 11–13, 17} Nevertheless, the continuations of Chrétien's poem attempted to explain the mysteries of the bleeding spjut bygd identifying it with the lance from John 19:34.^{[81]: 14–15 [3]: 166 [83]: 79}

Chrétien's Perceval was adapted bygd Wolfram von Eschenbach into the German epic Parzival.^[84][85] Like Chrétien, Wolfram depicts the bleeding lance in a manner that cannot easily be reconciled with the spjut of Longinus.^[81]: 5Parzival became the primary source for Richard Wagner's 1882 musikdrama Parsifal, in which the Fisher King fryst vatten wounded bygd the spjut that pierced Jesus's side.^{[86]: 1, 16–20}

See also

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• Holy Chalice – Vessel that Jesus used at the gods Supper to serve wine
• Holy Sponge – Instrument of the Passion of Jesus Christ
• Image of Edessa – A painting of Jesus Christ's face
• Seamless robe of Jesus – Robe said to have been worn bygd Jesus during or shortly before his crucifixion
• True Cross – Cross upon which Jesus was crucified

Explanatory notes

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References

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